Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology

What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or "lupus")? What are the general medical terms used to describe joint involvement in lupus? How common is joint involvement in lupus? What are the possible causes of joint involvement in lupus? What are the symptoms of joint involvement in lupus? What tools are used to assess the severity of joint involvement in lupus? Should I be worried about long-term joint damage (deformities)? What are the diagnostic steps to take in patients with joint involvement and suspected lupus? How is joint pain or swelling treated in lupus patients? What are the non-pharmacological strategies for joint involvement in lupus? 1. What is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or "lupus")? Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), often referred to as simply "lupus", is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that affects many organ systems – most commonly the skin, joints, and kidn

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Abstract Behavioural economic accounts of addiction conceptualize harmful drug use as an operant reinforcer pathology, emphasizing that a drug is consumed because of overvaluation of smaller immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards (delay discounting) and high drug reinforcing value (drug demand). These motivational processes are within-individual determinants of behaviour. A third element of learning theory posits that harmful drug use depends on the relative constraints on access to other available activities and commodities in the choice context (alternative reinforcers), reflecting the substantial influence of environmental factors. In this Perspective, we integrate alternative reinforcers into the contemporary behavioural economic account of harmful drug use — the contextualized reinforcer pathology model — and review empirical literature across the translational spectrum in support of this model. Furthermore, we co

In 2014, a group of passionate Pro Modified racers and team owners banded together to form the Professional Drag Racers Association. With a "for racers, by racers" motto, the series intended to pick up where other series left off, creating a stable home for eighth-mile doorslammer racers but also classes like Pro Extreme Motorcycle, Top Dragster, and Jr. Dragsters. The PDRA has since grown and evolved under the ownership of Tommy and Judy Franklin and the direction of series director Tyler Crossnoe. This year marks the 10th season of PDRA championship drag racing, and the series will crown world champions in 13 different categories after competition at eight points races. The season also includes the third annual Summit Racing Equipment PDRA ProStars, a race-your-way-in specialty race held in conjunction with Virginia Motorsports Park's Night of Fire. Between a decade of buildup and a concerted effort over the offseason, the PDRA is on track to have its biggest season y

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How 'the disease of kings' has returned: Why cases of gout are rising in Britain - are YOU at risk? The condition is known as 'disease of kings' as it used to mainly afflict nobility Monarchs such as Henry VIII, George IV and Queen Anne all suffered from it The likes of Neville Chamberlain and Benjamin Franklin also had bouts of gout It's associated with heavy meat and alcohol consumption, and a lack of exercise There has been an increase in cases in recent years - 1.5m Brits suffer from it By Matthew Lodge For Mailonline Published: 18:43 BST, 26 December 2022 | Updated: 16:22 BST, 31 December 2022 As the 'disease of kings', gout has long plagued the upper echelons of British society. The condition, which is a type of inflammatory arthritis that causes sudden and severe joint pain, is one of mankind's oldest known diseases, with cases traced back to Egyptian Pharaoh