Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology

[unable to retrieve full-text content] Chest Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More    Healthgrades

Share on Pinterest Is an immune reaction to a gut bacterium to blame in rheumatoid arthritis? Image credit: Stefania Pelfini, La Waziya Photography/Getty Images. A study has found high levels of antibodies against a protein from a gut bacterium in people at risk of rheumatoid arthritis and those who already have the disease. Previous research has implicated high levels of the gut bacterium, called Prevotella copri , in rheumatoid arthritis. P. copri helps to digest dietary fiber in the gut and is associated with several health benefits, but researchers have also linked it to gut inflammation. The authors of the new study speculate that Prevotella species may escape the gut and enter the bloodstream, where they provoke an immune response. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the tissues of the joints, especially in the knees, hands, and wrists. This causes inflammation and painful swelling. The Rheumatoid Arthritis Support Network estimates...

According to his friends and family, Coolio had been content and in good health; nevertheless, it has now come to light that he had severe asthma, which is thought to have led to his passing. The rapper had trouble with asthma for the majority of his life, according to many sources, and both friends and… (FILES) This file photo taken on August 31, 2015 shows rapper/actor Coolio as he attends producer Wade Martin's premiere of music videos by Flavor Flav and Coolio, the first ever to use full-HD virtual reality technology, at STK at The Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, Nevada. US rapper Coolio was given community service on October 26, 2016 after admitting carrying a handgun in a backpack at Los Angeles International Airport. The weapon was discovered in the bag as a member of the 53-year-old's entourage went through a security screening checkpoint on September 17, Los Angeles Superior Court heard at a previous hearing.<br ...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is classified as both an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means it happens when the immune system attacks healthy cells and leads to swelling and pain in the body. It is a long-term condition with symptoms that include swollen, painful, and stiff joints, as well as general fatigue and weakness. This condition can be difficult and expensive to treat, especially with certain types of medications that are costly to produce. People with RA face an average of $12,500 in medical expenses per year and over $36,000 for people who take biologic medications to slow the progression of the disease. This article will provide an overview of RA treatment options, medications, and how to afford the costs. Portra / Getty Images What Makes RA Expensive to Treat? A type of specialty medication called biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or bDMARDs, is the most expensive rheumatoid arthritis treatment. This treatmen...

The CHILDhood Asthma Risk Tool (CHART) can determine high asthma risk in pediatric patients aged as young as 3 years, according to a recent study. In asthma, airflow is limited, leading to wheeze symptoms. Nearly 330 million individuals are afflicted with asthma worldwide, and 1 to 2% of health care budgets in some countries are devoted to asthma.  Asthma can often lead to hospitalization, being the largest source of hospitalization in young children in Canada, with children aged under 5 years most often affected. While wheezing is a key symptom of asthma and is reported in 30% to 50% of children at least once, it is often not considered evidence of asthma due to many cases experiencing remission by school age. In recent years, the claim that wheezing is benign has been refuted, as it has been linked to lower lung function and chronic lung disease even after remission. Screening is a reliable method of identifying risk of symptom persistence, leading to treatment, with some to...

CE Activity Release Date: October 28, 2022 CE Activity Expiration Date: October 27, 2023 Time to Complete activity: 1.0 hr DESCRIPTION Think you fully understand the differences between available glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and their use in the management of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and comorbidities? Clinicians may under-use GLP-1 RAs or not fully understand the differences between all the available GLP-1 RAs. As a result, unmet needs in T2D management persist, particularly in some ethnic and socioeconomic populations. Test your knowledge about newest guideline recommendations, current evidence, and strategies to individualize treatment for patients with T2D using GLP-1 RAs by building your own case studies. This will help your patients achieve A1C targets, particularly those with comorbidities including obesity, cardiovascular disease, NAFLD/NASH, transplants, PCOS and more! Additionally, this will help you identify various social dete...

[unable to retrieve full-text content] Chest Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More    Healthgrades

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a pandemic. Since then, COVID-19 has affected tens of millions of people around the world, leading to new discoveries about the symptoms that can accompany the disease. Recently, multiple case studies have suggested that persistent hiccups may be a potentially rare and unusual manifestation of COVID-19. In this article, we'll discuss whether hiccups are a sign of the new coronavirus, when to contact your doctor about frequent hiccups, and other important information you should know about COVID-19. According to the research, it is possible that hiccups are a rare sign of COVID-19. In one recent 2020 case study, a 64-year-old man was found to have persistent hiccups as the only symptom of COVID-19. In this situation, the subject of the study visited an outpatient clinic after experiencing a bout of hiccups for 72 hours. Both blood testing and lung imaging were performed. They r...

Yep, cats can get colds. However, vets typically refer to them as upper respiratory tract infections. Viruses, bacteria and fungus can all be the culprits. While viruses cannot be treated with medication (see below for ways to help your kitty heal if this is the case), bacteria and fungus can be killed with antibiotics and antifungal medications, respectively. Our VCA vet told us cats can also develop illnesses like feline flu, feline calicivirus (FCV), pneumonia and feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR). Kittens typically receive an FVRCP vaccination when they're young to protect them from airborne illnesses including feline flu, FCV, FVR and feline panleukopenia virus (which looks less like a cold and more like the flu). This vaccination is super important because it not only protects your cat, but also it protects all the cats your cat meets. Sure, you may not have playdates with other kitties often, but if a friend has a cat with FVR and comes over to hang out with your cat, the v...

How long bronchitis lasts depends on several factors. Most people with acute (short-term) bronchitis have symptoms for between two and eight weeks. However, chronic (long-lasting) bronchitis—which is common in people who smoke—can last for much longer. This article will review the types of bronchitis, their causes, and how long they last. Science Photo Library / Getty Chronic vs. Acute Bronchitis There are two main kinds of bronchitis—acute and chronic. During bronchitis, the tubes that lead from your windpipe into your lungs (called the bronchi) swell up and produce protective mucus that triggers coughing. The more common and less severe type of bronchitis is acute bronchitis. An infection like the common cold or flu triggers acute bronchitis. This infection can be a virus or (less often) bacteria or fungi. With acute bronchitis, sometimes called a chest cold, you may still be contagious. Without complications, acute bronchitis lasts ...

[unable to retrieve full-text content] Chest Infection: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and More    Healthgrades

Abstract As massive rotator cuff tears progress, various radiographic changes occur; however, the factors associated with radiographic changes remain largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the factors that affect radiographic severity in massive rotator cuff tears using multivariate analyses. We retrospectively reviewed 210 shoulders with chronic massive rotator cuff tears. The dependent variables were superior migration of the humeral head (Hamada grades 2–3), narrowing of the glenohumeral joint (grade 4), and humeral head collapse (grade 5). Baseline variables that were significant in univariate analyses were included in multivariate models. There were 91, 59, 43, and 17 shoulders classified as Hamada grades 1, 2–3, 4, and 5, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that infraspinatus tear ( P  = 0.015) and long head of biceps (LHB) tendon rupture ( P  = 0.007) were associated with superior migration of humeral head. Superior subscapularis tear ( P  = 0.003) and LHB tendon ...